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Revert "feat(ecc): prune plugin 43→12 items, promote 7 rules to .claude/rules/ (#245)"
This reverts commit 1bd68ff534.
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docs/zh-CN/skills/cpp-testing/SKILL.md
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docs/zh-CN/skills/cpp-testing/SKILL.md
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---
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name: cpp-testing
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description: 仅在编写/更新/修复C++测试、配置GoogleTest/CTest、诊断失败或不稳定的测试,或添加覆盖率/消毒器时使用。
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---
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# C++ 测试(代理技能)
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针对现代 C++(C++17/20)的代理导向测试工作流,使用 GoogleTest/GoogleMock 和 CMake/CTest。
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## 使用时机
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* 编写新的 C++ 测试或修复现有测试
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* 为 C++ 组件设计单元/集成测试覆盖
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* 添加测试覆盖、CI 门控或回归保护
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* 配置 CMake/CTest 工作流以实现一致的执行
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* 调查测试失败或偶发性行为
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* 启用用于内存/竞态诊断的消毒剂
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### 不适用时机
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* 在不修改测试的情况下实现新的产品功能
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* 与测试覆盖或失败无关的大规模重构
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* 没有测试回归需要验证的性能调优
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* 非 C++ 项目或非测试任务
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## 核心概念
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* **TDD 循环**:红 → 绿 → 重构(先写测试,最小化修复,然后清理)。
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* **隔离**:优先使用依赖注入和仿制品,而非全局状态。
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* **测试布局**:`tests/unit`、`tests/integration`、`tests/testdata`。
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* **Mock 与 Fake**:Mock 用于交互,Fake 用于有状态行为。
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* **CTest 发现**:使用 `gtest_discover_tests()` 进行稳定的测试发现。
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* **CI 信号**:先运行子集,然后使用 `--output-on-failure` 运行完整套件。
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## TDD 工作流
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遵循 RED → GREEN → REFACTOR 循环:
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1. **RED**:编写一个捕获新行为的失败测试
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2. **GREEN**:实现最小的更改以使其通过
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3. **REFACTOR**:在测试保持通过的同时进行清理
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```cpp
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// tests/add_test.cpp
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#include <gtest/gtest.h>
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int Add(int a, int b); // Provided by production code.
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TEST(AddTest, AddsTwoNumbers) { // RED
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EXPECT_EQ(Add(2, 3), 5);
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}
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// src/add.cpp
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int Add(int a, int b) { // GREEN
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return a + b;
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}
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// REFACTOR: simplify/rename once tests pass
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```
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## 代码示例
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### 基础单元测试 (gtest)
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```cpp
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// tests/calculator_test.cpp
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#include <gtest/gtest.h>
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int Add(int a, int b); // Provided by production code.
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TEST(CalculatorTest, AddsTwoNumbers) {
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EXPECT_EQ(Add(2, 3), 5);
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}
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```
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### 夹具 (gtest)
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```cpp
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// tests/user_store_test.cpp
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// Pseudocode stub: replace UserStore/User with project types.
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#include <gtest/gtest.h>
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#include <memory>
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#include <optional>
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#include <string>
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struct User { std::string name; };
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class UserStore {
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public:
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explicit UserStore(std::string /*path*/) {}
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void Seed(std::initializer_list<User> /*users*/) {}
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std::optional<User> Find(const std::string &/*name*/) { return User{"alice"}; }
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};
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class UserStoreTest : public ::testing::Test {
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protected:
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void SetUp() override {
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store = std::make_unique<UserStore>(":memory:");
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store->Seed({{"alice"}, {"bob"}});
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}
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std::unique_ptr<UserStore> store;
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};
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TEST_F(UserStoreTest, FindsExistingUser) {
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auto user = store->Find("alice");
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ASSERT_TRUE(user.has_value());
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EXPECT_EQ(user->name, "alice");
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}
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```
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### Mock (gmock)
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```cpp
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// tests/notifier_test.cpp
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#include <gmock/gmock.h>
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#include <gtest/gtest.h>
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#include <string>
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class Notifier {
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public:
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virtual ~Notifier() = default;
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virtual void Send(const std::string &message) = 0;
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};
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class MockNotifier : public Notifier {
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public:
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MOCK_METHOD(void, Send, (const std::string &message), (override));
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};
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class Service {
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public:
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explicit Service(Notifier ¬ifier) : notifier_(notifier) {}
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void Publish(const std::string &message) { notifier_.Send(message); }
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private:
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Notifier ¬ifier_;
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};
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TEST(ServiceTest, SendsNotifications) {
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MockNotifier notifier;
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Service service(notifier);
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EXPECT_CALL(notifier, Send("hello")).Times(1);
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service.Publish("hello");
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}
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```
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### CMake/CTest 快速入门
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```cmake
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# CMakeLists.txt (excerpt)
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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
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project(example LANGUAGES CXX)
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set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
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set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
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include(FetchContent)
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# Prefer project-locked versions. If using a tag, use a pinned version per project policy.
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set(GTEST_VERSION v1.17.0) # Adjust to project policy.
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FetchContent_Declare(
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googletest
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URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/${GTEST_VERSION}.zip
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)
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FetchContent_MakeAvailable(googletest)
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add_executable(example_tests
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tests/calculator_test.cpp
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src/calculator.cpp
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)
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target_link_libraries(example_tests GTest::gtest GTest::gmock GTest::gtest_main)
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enable_testing()
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include(GoogleTest)
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gtest_discover_tests(example_tests)
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```
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```bash
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cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug
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cmake --build build -j
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ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
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```
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## 运行测试
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```bash
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ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
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ctest --test-dir build -R ClampTest
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ctest --test-dir build -R "UserStoreTest.*" --output-on-failure
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```
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```bash
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./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=ClampTest.*
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./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=UserStoreTest.FindsExistingUser
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```
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## 调试失败
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1. 使用 gtest 过滤器重新运行单个失败的测试。
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2. 在失败的断言周围添加作用域日志记录。
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3. 启用消毒剂后重新运行。
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4. 根本原因修复后,扩展到完整套件。
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## 覆盖率
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优先使用目标级别的设置,而非全局标志。
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```cmake
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option(ENABLE_COVERAGE "Enable coverage flags" OFF)
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if(ENABLE_COVERAGE)
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if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
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target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
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target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
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elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
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target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping)
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target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate)
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endif()
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endif()
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```
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GCC + gcov + lcov:
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```bash
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cmake -S . -B build-cov -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON
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cmake --build build-cov -j
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ctest --test-dir build-cov
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lcov --capture --directory build-cov --output-file coverage.info
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lcov --remove coverage.info '/usr/*' --output-file coverage.info
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genhtml coverage.info --output-directory coverage
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```
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Clang + llvm-cov:
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```bash
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cmake -S . -B build-llvm -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++
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cmake --build build-llvm -j
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LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="build-llvm/default.profraw" ctest --test-dir build-llvm
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llvm-profdata merge -sparse build-llvm/default.profraw -o build-llvm/default.profdata
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llvm-cov report build-llvm/example_tests -instr-profile=build-llvm/default.profdata
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```
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## 消毒剂
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```cmake
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option(ENABLE_ASAN "Enable AddressSanitizer" OFF)
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option(ENABLE_UBSAN "Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer" OFF)
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option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF)
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if(ENABLE_ASAN)
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add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
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add_link_options(-fsanitize=address)
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endif()
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if(ENABLE_UBSAN)
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add_compile_options(-fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
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add_link_options(-fsanitize=undefined)
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endif()
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if(ENABLE_TSAN)
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add_compile_options(-fsanitize=thread)
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add_link_options(-fsanitize=thread)
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endif()
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```
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## 偶发性测试防护
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* 切勿使用 `sleep` 进行同步;使用条件变量或门闩。
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* 为每个测试创建唯一的临时目录并始终清理它们。
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* 避免在单元测试中依赖真实时间、网络或文件系统。
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* 对随机化输入使用确定性种子。
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## 最佳实践
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### 应该做
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* 保持测试的确定性和隔离性
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* 优先使用依赖注入而非全局变量
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* 对前置条件使用 `ASSERT_*`,对多个检查使用 `EXPECT_*`
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* 在 CTest 标签或目录中分离单元测试与集成测试
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* 在 CI 中运行消毒剂以进行内存和竞态检测
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### 不应该做
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* 不要在单元测试中依赖真实时间或网络
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* 当可以使用条件变量时,不要使用睡眠作为同步手段
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* 不要过度模拟简单的值对象
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* 不要对非关键日志使用脆弱的字符串匹配
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### 常见陷阱
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* **使用固定的临时路径** → 为每个测试生成唯一的临时目录并清理它们。
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* **依赖挂钟时间** → 注入时钟或使用模拟时间源。
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* **偶发性并发测试** → 使用条件变量/门闩和有界等待。
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* **隐藏的全局状态** → 在夹具中重置全局状态或移除全局变量。
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* **过度模拟** → 对有状态行为优先使用 Fake,仅对交互进行 Mock。
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* **缺少消毒剂运行** → 在 CI 中添加 ASan/UBSan/TSan 构建。
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* **仅在调试版本上计算覆盖率** → 确保覆盖率目标使用一致的标志。
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## 可选附录:模糊测试 / 属性测试
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仅在项目已支持 LLVM/libFuzzer 或属性测试库时使用。
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* **libFuzzer**:最适合 I/O 最少的纯函数。
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* **RapidCheck**:基于属性的测试,用于验证不变量。
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最小的 libFuzzer 测试框架(伪代码:替换 ParseConfig):
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```cpp
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#include <cstddef>
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#include <cstdint>
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#include <string>
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extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
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std::string input(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data), size);
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// ParseConfig(input); // project function
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return 0;
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}
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```
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## GoogleTest 的替代方案
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* **Catch2**:仅头文件,表达性强的匹配器
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* **doctest**:轻量级,编译开销最小
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