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docs(zh-CN): sync Chinese docs with latest upstream changes (#304)
* docs(zh-CN): sync Chinese docs with latest upstream changes * update --------- Co-authored-by: neo <neo.dowithless@gmail.com>
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docs/zh-CN/skills/swift-actor-persistence/SKILL.md
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docs/zh-CN/skills/swift-actor-persistence/SKILL.md
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---
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name: swift-actor-persistence
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description: 在 Swift 中使用 actor 实现线程安全的数据持久化——基于内存缓存与文件支持的存储,通过设计消除数据竞争。
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origin: ECC
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---
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# 用于线程安全持久化的 Swift Actor
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使用 Swift actor 构建线程安全数据持久化层的模式。结合内存缓存与文件支持的存储,利用 actor 模型在编译时消除数据竞争。
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## 何时激活
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* 在 Swift 5.5+ 中构建数据持久化层
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* 需要对共享可变状态进行线程安全访问
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* 希望消除手动同步(锁、DispatchQueue)
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* 构建具有本地存储的离线优先应用
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## 核心模式
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### 基于 Actor 的存储库
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Actor 模型保证了序列化访问 —— 没有数据竞争,由编译器强制执行。
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```swift
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public actor LocalRepository<T: Codable & Identifiable> where T.ID == String {
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private var cache: [String: T] = [:]
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private let fileURL: URL
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public init(directory: URL = .documentsDirectory, filename: String = "data.json") {
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self.fileURL = directory.appendingPathComponent(filename)
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// Synchronous load during init (actor isolation not yet active)
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self.cache = Self.loadSynchronously(from: fileURL)
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}
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// MARK: - Public API
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public func save(_ item: T) throws {
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cache[item.id] = item
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try persistToFile()
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}
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public func delete(_ id: String) throws {
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cache[id] = nil
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try persistToFile()
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}
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public func find(by id: String) -> T? {
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cache[id]
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}
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public func loadAll() -> [T] {
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Array(cache.values)
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}
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// MARK: - Private
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private func persistToFile() throws {
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let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(Array(cache.values))
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try data.write(to: fileURL, options: .atomic)
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}
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private static func loadSynchronously(from url: URL) -> [String: T] {
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guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: url),
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let items = try? JSONDecoder().decode([T].self, from: data) else {
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return [:]
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}
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return Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: items.map { ($0.id, $0) })
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}
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}
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```
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### 用法
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由于 actor 隔离,所有调用都会自动变为异步:
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```swift
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let repository = LocalRepository<Question>()
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// Read — fast O(1) lookup from in-memory cache
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let question = await repository.find(by: "q-001")
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let allQuestions = await repository.loadAll()
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// Write — updates cache and persists to file atomically
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try await repository.save(newQuestion)
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try await repository.delete("q-001")
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```
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### 与 @Observable ViewModel 结合使用
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```swift
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@Observable
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final class QuestionListViewModel {
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private(set) var questions: [Question] = []
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private let repository: LocalRepository<Question>
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init(repository: LocalRepository<Question> = LocalRepository()) {
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self.repository = repository
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}
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func load() async {
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questions = await repository.loadAll()
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}
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func add(_ question: Question) async throws {
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try await repository.save(question)
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questions = await repository.loadAll()
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}
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}
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```
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## 关键设计决策
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| 决策 | 理由 |
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|----------|-----------|
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| Actor(而非类 + 锁) | 编译器强制执行的线程安全性,无需手动同步 |
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| 内存缓存 + 文件持久化 | 从缓存中快速读取,持久化写入磁盘 |
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| 同步初始化加载 | 避免异步初始化的复杂性 |
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| 按 ID 键控的字典 | 按标识符进行 O(1) 查找 |
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| 泛型化 `Codable & Identifiable` | 可在任何模型类型中重复使用 |
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| 原子文件写入 (`.atomic`) | 防止崩溃时部分写入 |
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## 最佳实践
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* **对所有跨越 actor 边界的数据使用 `Sendable` 类型**
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* **保持 actor 的公共 API 最小化** —— 仅暴露领域操作,而非持久化细节
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* **使用 `.atomic` 写入** 以防止应用在写入过程中崩溃导致数据损坏
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* **在 `init` 中同步加载** —— 异步初始化器会增加复杂性,而对本地文件的益处微乎其微
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* **与 `@Observable` ViewModel 结合使用** 以实现响应式 UI 更新
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## 应避免的反模式
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* 在 Swift 并发新代码中使用 `DispatchQueue` 或 `NSLock` 而非 actor
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* 将内部缓存字典暴露给外部调用者
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* 在不进行验证的情况下使文件 URL 可配置
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* 忘记所有 actor 方法调用都是 `await` —— 调用者必须处理异步上下文
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* 使用 `nonisolated` 来绕过 actor 隔离(违背了初衷)
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## 何时使用
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* iOS/macOS 应用中的本地数据存储(用户数据、设置、缓存内容)
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* 稍后同步到服务器的离线优先架构
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* 应用中多个部分并发访问的任何共享可变状态
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* 用现代 Swift 并发性替换基于 `DispatchQueue` 的旧式线程安全机制
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