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Django REST API — 项目 CLAUDE.md

使用 PostgreSQL 和 Celery 的 Django REST Framework API 真实示例。 将此复制到你的项目根目录并针对你的服务进行自定义。

项目概述

技术栈: Python 3.12+, Django 5.x, Django REST Framework, PostgreSQL, Celery + Redis, pytest, Docker Compose

架构: 采用领域驱动设计每个业务领域对应一个应用。DRF 用于 API 层Celery 用于异步任务pytest 用于测试。所有端点返回 JSON — 无模板渲染。

关键规则

Python 约定

  • 所有函数签名使用类型提示 — 使用 from __future__ import annotations
  • 不使用 print() 语句 — 使用 logging.getLogger(__name__)
  • 字符串格式化使用 f-strings绝不使用 %.format()
  • 文件操作使用 pathlib.Path 而非 os.path
  • 导入排序使用 isort标准库、第三方库、本地库由 ruff 强制执行)

数据库

  • 所有查询使用 Django ORM — 原始 SQL 仅与 .raw() 和参数化查询一起使用
  • 迁移文件提交到 git — 生产中绝不使用 --fake
  • 使用 select_related()prefetch_related() 防止 N+1 查询
  • 所有模型必须具有 created_atupdated_at 自动字段
  • filter()order_by()WHERE 子句中使用的任何字段上建立索引
# BAD: N+1 query
orders = Order.objects.all()
for order in orders:
    print(order.customer.name)  # hits DB for each order

# GOOD: Single query with join
orders = Order.objects.select_related("customer").all()

认证

  • 通过 djangorestframework-simplejwt 使用 JWT — 访问令牌15 分钟)+ 刷新令牌7 天)
  • 每个视图都设置权限类 — 绝不依赖默认设置
  • 使用 IsAuthenticated 作为基础,为对象级访问添加自定义权限
  • 为登出启用令牌黑名单

序列化器

  • 简单 CRUD 使用 ModelSerializer,复杂验证使用 Serializer
  • 当输入/输出结构不同时,分离读写序列化器
  • 在序列化器层面进行验证,而非在视图中 — 视图应保持精简
class CreateOrderSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    product_id = serializers.UUIDField()
    quantity = serializers.IntegerField(min_value=1, max_value=100)

    def validate_product_id(self, value):
        if not Product.objects.filter(id=value, active=True).exists():
            raise serializers.ValidationError("Product not found or inactive")
        return value

class OrderDetailSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    customer = CustomerSerializer(read_only=True)
    product = ProductSerializer(read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Order
        fields = ["id", "customer", "product", "quantity", "total", "status", "created_at"]

错误处理

  • 使用 DRF 异常处理器确保一致的错误响应
  • 业务逻辑中的自定义异常放在 core/exceptions.py
  • 绝不向客户端暴露内部错误细节
# core/exceptions.py
from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException

class InsufficientStockError(APIException):
    status_code = 409
    default_detail = "Insufficient stock for this order"
    default_code = "insufficient_stock"

代码风格

  • 代码或注释中不使用表情符号
  • 最大行长度120 个字符(由 ruff 强制执行)
  • 类名PascalCase函数/变量名snake_case常量UPPER_SNAKE_CASE
  • 视图保持精简 — 业务逻辑放在服务函数或模型方法中

文件结构

config/
  settings/
    base.py              # 共享设置
    local.py             # 开发环境覆盖设置 (DEBUG=True)
    production.py        # 生产环境设置
  urls.py                # 根 URL 配置
  celery.py              # Celery 应用配置
apps/
  accounts/              # 用户认证、注册、个人资料
    models.py
    serializers.py
    views.py
    services.py          # 业务逻辑
    tests/
      test_views.py
      test_services.py
      factories.py       # Factory Boy 工厂
  orders/                # 订单管理
    models.py
    serializers.py
    views.py
    services.py
    tasks.py             # Celery 任务
    tests/
  products/              # 产品目录
    models.py
    serializers.py
    views.py
    tests/
core/
  exceptions.py          # 自定义 API 异常
  permissions.py         # 共享权限类
  pagination.py          # 自定义分页
  middleware.py          # 请求日志记录、计时
  tests/

关键模式

服务层

# apps/orders/services.py
from django.db import transaction

def create_order(*, customer, product_id: uuid.UUID, quantity: int) -> Order:
    """Create an order with stock validation and payment hold."""
    product = Product.objects.select_for_update().get(id=product_id)

    if product.stock < quantity:
        raise InsufficientStockError()

    with transaction.atomic():
        order = Order.objects.create(
            customer=customer,
            product=product,
            quantity=quantity,
            total=product.price * quantity,
        )
        product.stock -= quantity
        product.save(update_fields=["stock", "updated_at"])

    # Async: send confirmation email
    send_order_confirmation.delay(order.id)
    return order

视图模式

# apps/orders/views.py
class OrderViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
    pagination_class = StandardPagination

    def get_serializer_class(self):
        if self.action == "create":
            return CreateOrderSerializer
        return OrderDetailSerializer

    def get_queryset(self):
        return (
            Order.objects
            .filter(customer=self.request.user)
            .select_related("product", "customer")
            .order_by("-created_at")
        )

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        order = create_order(
            customer=self.request.user,
            product_id=serializer.validated_data["product_id"],
            quantity=serializer.validated_data["quantity"],
        )
        serializer.instance = order

测试模式 (pytest + Factory Boy)

# apps/orders/tests/factories.py
import factory
from apps.accounts.tests.factories import UserFactory
from apps.products.tests.factories import ProductFactory

class OrderFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
    class Meta:
        model = "orders.Order"

    customer = factory.SubFactory(UserFactory)
    product = factory.SubFactory(ProductFactory, stock=100)
    quantity = 1
    total = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda o: o.product.price * o.quantity)

# apps/orders/tests/test_views.py
import pytest
from rest_framework.test import APIClient

@pytest.mark.django_db
class TestCreateOrder:
    def setup_method(self):
        self.client = APIClient()
        self.user = UserFactory()
        self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)

    def test_create_order_success(self):
        product = ProductFactory(price=29_99, stock=10)
        response = self.client.post("/api/orders/", {
            "product_id": str(product.id),
            "quantity": 2,
        })
        assert response.status_code == 201
        assert response.data["total"] == 59_98

    def test_create_order_insufficient_stock(self):
        product = ProductFactory(stock=0)
        response = self.client.post("/api/orders/", {
            "product_id": str(product.id),
            "quantity": 1,
        })
        assert response.status_code == 409

    def test_create_order_unauthenticated(self):
        self.client.force_authenticate(None)
        response = self.client.post("/api/orders/", {})
        assert response.status_code == 401

环境变量

# Django
SECRET_KEY=
DEBUG=False
ALLOWED_HOSTS=api.example.com

# Database
DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/myapp

# Redis (Celery broker + cache)
REDIS_URL=redis://localhost:6379/0

# JWT
JWT_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME=15       # minutes
JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_LIFETIME=10080   # minutes (7 days)

# Email
EMAIL_BACKEND=django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend
EMAIL_HOST=smtp.example.com

测试策略

# Run all tests
pytest --cov=apps --cov-report=term-missing

# Run specific app tests
pytest apps/orders/tests/ -v

# Run with parallel execution
pytest -n auto

# Only failing tests from last run
pytest --lf

ECC 工作流

# Planning
/plan "Add order refund system with Stripe integration"

# Development with TDD
/tdd                    # pytest-based TDD workflow

# Review
/python-review          # Python-specific code review
/security-scan          # Django security audit
/code-review            # General quality check

# Verification
/verify                 # Build, lint, test, security scan

Git 工作流

  • feat: 新功能,fix: 错误修复,refactor: 代码变更
  • 功能分支从 main 创建,需要 PR
  • CIruff代码检查 + 格式化、mypy类型检查、pytest测试、safety依赖检查
  • 部署Docker 镜像,通过 Kubernetes 或 Railway 管理