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Rust API 服务 — 项目 CLAUDE.md
使用 Axum、PostgreSQL 和 Docker 构建 Rust API 服务的真实示例。 将此文件复制到您的项目根目录,并根据您的服务进行自定义。
项目概述
技术栈: Rust 1.78+, Axum (Web 框架), SQLx (异步数据库), PostgreSQL, Tokio (异步运行时), Docker
架构: 采用分层架构,包含 handler → service → repository 分离。Axum 用于 HTTP,SQLx 用于编译时类型检查的 SQL,Tower 中间件用于横切关注点。
关键规则
Rust 约定
- 库错误使用
thiserror,仅在二进制 crate 或测试中使用anyhow - 生产代码中不使用
.unwrap()或.expect()— 使用?传播错误 - 函数参数中优先使用
&str而非String;所有权转移时返回String - 使用
clippy和#![deny(clippy::all, clippy::pedantic)]— 修复所有警告 - 在所有公共类型上派生
Debug;仅在需要时派生Clone、PartialEq - 除非有
// SAFETY:注释说明理由,否则不使用unsafe块
数据库
- 所有查询使用 SQLx 的
query!或query_as!宏 — 针对模式进行编译时验证 - 在
migrations/中使用sqlx migrate进行迁移 — 切勿直接修改数据库 - 使用
sqlx::Pool<Postgres>作为共享状态 — 切勿为每个请求创建连接 - 所有查询使用参数化占位符 (
$1,$2) — 切勿使用字符串格式化
// BAD: String interpolation (SQL injection risk)
let q = format!("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = '{}'", id);
// GOOD: Parameterized query, compile-time checked
let user = sqlx::query_as!(User, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", id)
.fetch_optional(&pool)
.await?;
错误处理
- 为每个模块使用
thiserror定义一个领域错误枚举 - 通过
IntoResponse将错误映射到 HTTP 响应 — 切勿暴露内部细节 - 使用
tracing进行结构化日志记录 — 切勿使用println!或eprintln!
use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum AppError {
#[error("Resource not found")]
NotFound,
#[error("Validation failed: {0}")]
Validation(String),
#[error("Unauthorized")]
Unauthorized,
#[error(transparent)]
Internal(#[from] anyhow::Error),
}
impl IntoResponse for AppError {
fn into_response(self) -> Response {
let (status, message) = match &self {
Self::NotFound => (StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, self.to_string()),
Self::Validation(msg) => (StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, msg.clone()),
Self::Unauthorized => (StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, self.to_string()),
Self::Internal(err) => {
tracing::error!(?err, "internal error");
(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Internal error".into())
}
};
(status, Json(json!({ "error": message }))).into_response()
}
}
测试
- 单元测试放在每个源文件内的
#[cfg(test)]模块中 - 集成测试放在
tests/目录中,使用真实的 PostgreSQL (Testcontainers 或 Docker) - 使用
#[sqlx::test]进行数据库测试,包含自动迁移和回滚 - 使用
mockall或wiremock模拟外部服务
代码风格
- 最大行长度:100 个字符(由 rustfmt 强制执行)
- 导入分组:
std、外部 crate、crate/super— 用空行分隔 - 模块:每个模块一个文件,
mod.rs仅用于重新导出 - 类型:PascalCase,函数/变量:snake_case,常量:UPPER_SNAKE_CASE
文件结构
src/
main.rs # Entrypoint, server setup, graceful shutdown
lib.rs # Re-exports for integration tests
config.rs # Environment config with envy or figment
router.rs # Axum router with all routes
middleware/
auth.rs # JWT extraction and validation
logging.rs # Request/response tracing
handlers/
mod.rs # Route handlers (thin — delegate to services)
users.rs
orders.rs
services/
mod.rs # Business logic
users.rs
orders.rs
repositories/
mod.rs # Database access (SQLx queries)
users.rs
orders.rs
domain/
mod.rs # Domain types, error enums
user.rs
order.rs
migrations/
001_create_users.sql
002_create_orders.sql
tests/
common/mod.rs # Shared test helpers, test server setup
api_users.rs # Integration tests for user endpoints
api_orders.rs # Integration tests for order endpoints
关键模式
Handler (薄层)
async fn create_user(
State(ctx): State<AppState>,
Json(payload): Json<CreateUserRequest>,
) -> Result<(StatusCode, Json<UserResponse>), AppError> {
let user = ctx.user_service.create(payload).await?;
Ok((StatusCode::CREATED, Json(UserResponse::from(user))))
}
Service (业务逻辑)
impl UserService {
pub async fn create(&self, req: CreateUserRequest) -> Result<User, AppError> {
if self.repo.find_by_email(&req.email).await?.is_some() {
return Err(AppError::Validation("Email already registered".into()));
}
let password_hash = hash_password(&req.password)?;
let user = self.repo.insert(&req.email, &req.name, &password_hash).await?;
Ok(user)
}
}
Repository (数据访问)
impl UserRepository {
pub async fn find_by_email(&self, email: &str) -> Result<Option<User>, sqlx::Error> {
sqlx::query_as!(User, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1", email)
.fetch_optional(&self.pool)
.await
}
pub async fn insert(
&self,
email: &str,
name: &str,
password_hash: &str,
) -> Result<User, sqlx::Error> {
sqlx::query_as!(
User,
r#"INSERT INTO users (email, name, password_hash)
VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *"#,
email, name, password_hash,
)
.fetch_one(&self.pool)
.await
}
}
集成测试
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_create_user() {
let app = spawn_test_app().await;
let response = app
.client
.post(&format!("{}/api/v1/users", app.address))
.json(&json!({
"email": "alice@example.com",
"name": "Alice",
"password": "securepassword123"
}))
.send()
.await
.expect("Failed to send request");
assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
let body: serde_json::Value = response.json().await.unwrap();
assert_eq!(body["email"], "alice@example.com");
}
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_create_user_duplicate_email() {
let app = spawn_test_app().await;
// Create first user
create_test_user(&app, "alice@example.com").await;
// Attempt duplicate
let response = create_user_request(&app, "alice@example.com").await;
assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
}
环境变量
# Server
HOST=0.0.0.0
PORT=8080
RUST_LOG=info,tower_http=debug
# Database
DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/myapp
# Auth
JWT_SECRET=your-secret-key-min-32-chars
JWT_EXPIRY_HOURS=24
# Optional
CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=http://localhost:3000
测试策略
# Run all tests
cargo test
# Run with output
cargo test -- --nocapture
# Run specific test module
cargo test api_users
# Check coverage (requires cargo-llvm-cov)
cargo llvm-cov --html
open target/llvm-cov/html/index.html
# Lint
cargo clippy -- -D warnings
# Format check
cargo fmt -- --check
ECC 工作流
# Planning
/plan "Add order fulfillment with Stripe payment"
# Development with TDD
/tdd # cargo test-based TDD workflow
# Review
/code-review # Rust-specific code review
/security-scan # Dependency audit + unsafe scan
# Verification
/verify # Build, clippy, test, security scan
Git 工作流
feat:新功能,fix:错误修复,refactor:代码变更- 从
main创建功能分支,需要 PR - CI:
cargo fmt --check、cargo clippy、cargo test、cargo audit - 部署:使用
scratch或distroless基础镜像的 Docker 多阶段构建